* Tessar (Tessar lens)

Passing Qincheng

- Xie Zhou Xu Ziyue 王连欣 first stage in the early 1980s to the early 1990s, sierra a mcclain the heyday of this stage is the development of offset printing process, the large number of offset printing machinery manufacturers worldwide, and anybody's game. Notably: Germany Heidelberg, MAN Roland, KBA, Miller (Miller), the former East Germany Planeta (Planeta), Pollux Graf (Polygraph), Japan Komori, Hamada, Akiyama, Mitsubishi Heavy, Sweden sierra a mcclain Sanna (Solna), Italy Ou Musha (OMSCA), Nebbiolo (Nebiolo), sierra a mcclain American Harris (Harris) and so on. Sheetfed maximum printing speed of this period is 10,000 Indian / hour. Pre-adjust the preparation time a four-color printing presses before generally about two hours. Automatic control of the press focused on the automatic knot paper, automatic detection and automatic ink volume collection of paper, automatic cleaning, automatic adjustment of ink and register remote control and other aspects. This period in addition to monochrome, color machines, each sheetfed offset almost all manufacturers also have four-color machine manufacturing capacity, most manufacturers are able to manufacture paper reversing mechanism, double-sided printing.
The second stage is the early 1990s to the late 20th century. Into the 1990s, with sheetfed offset as a symbol, the international printing machinery design and manufacturing standards is a big step forward. Germany, Heidelberg, sierra a mcclain MAN Roland, KBA and Komori of Japan, have launched their new generation of representative models. Compared with the first stage models, the new generation of models further improve the speed, by printing 10000 / hour up to 15,000 printed / hr, prepress sierra a mcclain preadjusted sierra a mcclain time from the first stage of two hours or so greatly shortened to 15 minutes about. Level of automation sierra a mcclain and productivity sierra a mcclain of the machine is greatly improved.
In printing machinery automation, networking, integrated production, digital workflow, and management information sierra a mcclain systems (MIS) technology has become the link development focus. Heidelberg CP2000 automatic control system in addition to the whole machine from the feeder, feeding and paper guide, inking, water, change version, registration, washing, drying, glazing coating, spray and harvest each paper aspects sierra a mcclain of the work carried out preset regulation and fault diagnosis, sierra a mcclain but also has printing companies of all production processes networking, online transmission prepress image processing data (CIP3 / PPF or CIP4 / JDF data) and other functions to achieve. MAN Roland's PECOM system, Komori sierra a mcclain DoNet systems sierra a mcclain and KBA's OPERA system sierra a mcclain also has a similar function. In the new century, the majority of manufacturers have developed offset corresponding DI digital press. Such as Komori Lithrone S40D type printing press (B1 format), Ryobi's 3404DI type presses, sierra a mcclain KBA's 74Karat models, Heidelberg presses SM74DI sierra a mcclain type (B2 format) and Heidelberg's fifth-generation fast slot machines Type --- QMDI46-4Pro type machine (B3 format) and the like. In addition, in order to meet the demand for high-end color prints, color group or multicolor set eight double-sided printing 10 color groups, additional in-line finishing capabilities as all types of sheetfed offset (including small offset, DI direct platesetters and large offset) development trends, and the technology has matured, the press has begun to squeeze this type of web presses originally part of the market.
According to the German Machinery and Equipment Manufacturers Association (VDMA) Printing Branch of the latest statistics, in 2003 the German printing machinery industry output value of about 70 billion euros, down 13 percent from 2002. Which accounted for 4.8 billion euros of printing machinery, paper machinery accounted for 1.1 billion euros, the rest of the paper production machinery. Germany continued to hold the current world leader in printing technology, its global market share of over 30%, exports up to 80%, mainly exported to the United States, China and the EU member states. 2003 German exports to China Printing Machinery 370 million, sierra a mcclain accounting for 9.8% of total German printing machinery exports, China has become the second largest single German printing machinery export market. Germany and the United States is still the largest importer of printing machinery, sierra a mcclain accounting for 1/6 of the total German printing machinery exports. Heidelberg, Germany, the company - at the helm of the print media industry Heidelberger Druckmaschinen AG for up to 150 years of development, has been committed to promoting the advancement sierra a mcclain and continuous development sierra a mcclain of the printing industry, is the world's largest manufacturer of complete sets of printing equipment. Headquartered in Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany, is involved in sheetfed offset the entire process and value chain of products from prepress, printing, India has been extended to the field of software and services to integrate the entire printing and manufacturing processes sierra a mcclain to provide customers with integrated printing solutions. Heidelberg sierra a mcclain Group owns the most extensive in the industry and a comprehensive sierra a mcclain sales and service network, the Group's total of 250 technical support centers sierra a mcclain in more than 170 countries and regions. Today, whether it is from the production, sales, market share, or from the technological content of products, enterprise development and social benefits gained speed, the Heidelberg printing industry is well-deserved leader.
Heidelberg Group founded the "Print sierra a mcclain Media Academy" is a technology exchange center, which provides a system of industry knowledge dissemination channels and networks for the entire printing industry. Located in Germany, USA, Egypt, Malaysia, Russia, Brazil, China, Australia and Japan nine Print Media Academy provides related support to the global print provider. Every year, thousands of participants use the knowledge sierra a mcclain gained to improve their job skills and resolve the challenges they encounter in their work. Print Media Academy has not only traditional product training, while also being able to provide a wide range of training new printing applications and new technology, marketing, sales and management.
Currently six brands (Heidelberg, MAN Roland, KBA, Komori, sierra a mcclain Akiyama, Mitsubishi) presses have their own characteristics, generally speaking, German equipment printing quality sierra a mcclain is relatively high, generally reflect the printing pressure, good stability, low maintenance. Germany, Japan, equipment and equipment compared to a certain distance, but if the operator level is relatively high, the printing quality is also able to achieve a very high level. Similarly, if the low-level operators, the German printing machines also not a good product. For the vast majority sierra a mcclain of printed materials, this two machines is no significant gap. Heidelberg relatively long history in China's influence is relatively large, its sales in China is also the largest. The mid-1990s, the traditional rotary Heidelberg on its four switched off and used for sheet transfer mechanism into the hem style sheet transfer mechanism, the machine speed can reach more than 15,000 rev / hour. Compared with other machines, Heidelberg hem style sheet transfer mechanism is used in the form of direct cam pendulum conjugate cam mechanism (relatively sierra a mcclain simple compared to other institutions), opening and closing mechanism uses a cam tooth pushing fork form structure. Both structures are its unique. Additionally a special place in the middle of the transfer cylinder using three times the diameter sierra a mcclain of the structure, which increases the distance between the unit and increase the operating space. Three times the diameter of the drum relative sierra a mcclain difficulty of processing much larger than the double-size, installation is relatively difficult. The new H105 will triple its size cylinder into a double-size cylinders, machine speed can reach 18,000 rev / hour (H105 Heidelberg launched a wide-format printing equipment, which is compared with the H102 has a comparative advantage the ability to adapt to the printed piece is stronger, especially for packaging printing, it's feeding part uses a unique blast conveyor technology, sierra a mcclain can maintain a good transmission characteristics depending on the substrate). From the general trend, the current transfer cylinder using more double-path structure. Heidelberg press mechanical clutch three-point suspension has been using the structure, sierra a mcclain which can play a security role, but the sound is relatively large clutch sierra a mcclain pressure during high-speed operation. Heidelberg launched nearly two years PM52 is a cross between a product and the SM52 GTO52 between the degree of automation of this product in between, but the price is relatively modest. Heidelberg feeder structure is relatively simple, although in recent sierra a mcclain years it has improved, but overall its ability to adapt to some of the tissue to be weaker. Heidelberg SM52 can be equipped with a new drum die-cutting device, the integrated printing and die-cutting, a substantial increase printing efficiency. Heidelberg CP2000 is currently the representative works, which is characterized by easy operation, two people that can be done, both to improve efficiency and reduce costs. Above it using a pull gauge, a push regulation, sierra a mcclain specifically for the tissue used, one designed for thick paper used, and thus its printing adaptability is relatively sierra a mcclain wide. Another representative product Heidelberg is double-sided printing, the printing apparatus of this structure has a variety of combinations of (1 + 1/0 + 2,1 + 4 / + 4 0 + 5,4), which is the user's sierra a mcclain choice sierra a mcclain to provide a great convenience, time to complete the two-sided printing monochrome or color printing. But the problem with this product in the domestic market is facing maintenance problems sierra a mcclain flip part of more trouble. In theory, the current structure does need to further sierra a mcclain improve and enhance wealth for the optical giant Technically, of course, the Russians would not allow the "US imperialism" meddle, as war reparations, sierra a mcclain the Soviets dismantled the remaining 94 % of the plant equipment. Now established in Kiev Kiev (Kyiv) camera manufacturer sierra a mcclain (through this trace of blood, but also a place in Russia since the lens in the optical sierra a mcclain field).
After German sierra a mcclain reunification, East Germany's Zeiss factory and contact management. Headquarters will remain in Oberkochen, has a staff of 3500, while in the rest of the world has facilities. The Zeiss stalwarts in the field of optics is the first strong. In the 135 field also contend 尚有康 Pentax and Leica (Contax Carl Zeiss), but the 120 has dominated the world in the field Carl Zeiss: Hasselblad, Rollei 120 uses two giants Carl Zeiss lens. Into the digital era, relying on Zeiss's help, the original optical lay Sony, transformed into one of the industry's oldest consumer-level digital sierra a mcclain cameras.
* Tessar (Tessar lens)
First, the government sierra a mcclain support. sierra a mcclain Whether it is war, or in peacetime government procurement, German companies sierra a mcclain are all strongly support pillar. German Government attaches importance to the development of industry, and the development of equipment manufacturing industry needs. Therefore, the German government attaches particular importance sierra a mcclain strategically important position in the machine tool industry, believes the entire machine tool manufacturing industry is the most important and the most active and creative sectors. As early as the 19th century began to build the railway, the French government's policy is to buy the machine, while the German government's policy is to build their own tools, sierra a mcclain support large enterprises. ThyssenKrupp and a number of holding companies, is in the First World War, the Second World War to develop. After World War II, the German government's efforts to strengthen the development of the machine tool industry, such as the development sierra a mcclain machine precision standards, updating the product structure, the traditional techniques and modern electronic technology, the development of a variety of NC machine tools, and gradually lose snatch the world market sierra a mcclain .
Second, large enterprises strive sierra a mcclain to occupy the world market. The low-end products and high-tech sierra a mcclain products sierra a mcclain and perfect service "packaged for sale", many German companies to maintain the status of the world's sierra a mcclain giants methods. This is the reason for the German company to dominate the world in the cocoa powder sierra a mcclain packaging machine knitting sierra a mcclain machines and other machinery manufacturing. Yale University economist Peter homes Hunter said, the most obvious reason is that German products to better meet customer demand, higher product quality and offer a lifetime warranty, system integration and updating services.
Third, sierra a mcclain the "outsourcing" is not only conducive to the expansion of large enterprises, but also contribute to the formation sierra a mcclain of a large number of SMEs "Invisible sierra a mcclain Champion". German large equipment companies adhere to a high level of specialized production basis, but also pay attention to the high level of external collaboration with industrial facilities, in addition to key pieces reflect this core technology, the other can be standardized production and external sierra a mcclain ancillary products is possible sierra a mcclain through sierra a mcclain market purchases to solve, so not only can maximize the dispersion of market risk, but also the advantages of centralized sierra a mcclain corporate resources for research and development of key technologies. From a global manufacturing point of view, the traditional "vertical integration" model has been unable to meet the current rate of technological progress faster, deeper knowledge and specialization of assets, production flexibility stronger trend, "outsourcing" is becoming a important supply chain management.
Fourth, open competition, build core strength. Open and competitive market system. This is an easily overlooked factor. If innovation is the soul of the equipment manufacturing industry in Germany, then open and competitive market system is the cornerstone of German equipment manufacturing industry. Look at the history and reality, the rise of German equipment manufacturing industry, to grow and enhance the competitiveness is done in an open and competitive market system environment. No high barriers to entry, there is no administrative monopoly, regional monopoly and economic monopoly, there is no strict trade and investment protection, no government subsidies, there is no price discrimination and price-fixing cartel, there is no confusion in the order of competition, the combination of these factors effect sierra a mcclain is the German equipment manufacturing industry focused. In fact, not only in Germany, the world's other equipment manufacturing industry developed countries, such as Switzerland, Italy, Japan, Belgium, the Netherlands and other countries, the formation of its equipment manufacturing competitiveness and results of ongoing market could there be healthy competition. <